Indonesia is the world’s largest Muslim-majority nation, with an estimated population of over 225 million Muslims. The majority of Indonesian Muslims follow the Sunni tradition of Islam, with various Sufi orders playing an important role in shaping the religious landscape of the country. One of the most influential works of Indonesian Islamic spirituality is Aqidatul Awam, a treatise on key beliefs (aqidah) that has been widely read and studied by Muslims in Indonesia and beyond.
What is Aqidatul Awam?
Aqidatul Awam was written by Sheikh Nawawi Banten, a prominent Sufi master who lived in Banten, West Java, in the 18th century. The work is a concise and accessible exposition of the core beliefs of Islam, as understood and practiced by the common people (awam) of Indonesia. Aqidatul Awam is written in the Javanese language, which was widely spoken and understood in Java and other parts of Indonesia at the time.
The book consists of 40 short chapters, each of which addresses a key aspect of Islamic belief. The chapters cover topics such as the nature of God, the attributes of the prophets, the importance of prayer, and the significance of the Qur’an. Sheikh Nawawi wrote the book in a simple and straightforward style, using examples and anecdotes from everyday life to illustrate his points.
The Beliefs of Aqidatul Awam
The main beliefs of Aqidatul Awam are based on the teachings of Sunni Islam, which emphasizes the importance of following the Qur’an and the example of the Prophet Muhammad. Some of the key beliefs of Aqidatul Awam include:
Tauhid (Oneness of God): Muslims believe in the Oneness of God (Allah), who is the Creator and Sustainer of the universe. God is One, without any partners or equals. Muslims believe that God is merciful and just, and that He has a plan for each person’s life.
Prophethood: Muslims believe that God has sent prophets to guide humanity throughout history. The last and final prophet is Muhammad, who is considered to be the seal of the prophets. Muslims believe that the teachings of the prophets are preserved in the Qur’an and the Hadith (sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad).
Salah (Prayer): Muslims are required to pray five times a day, as a way of remembering and connecting with God. Prayer involves physical movements and recitation of Qur’anic verses, and is seen as a way of purifying the soul and strengthening one’s faith.
Zakat (Charity): Muslims are required to give a portion of their wealth to those in need, as a way of purifying their wealth and helping others. Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam, and is seen as a way of promoting social justice and compassion.
Sawm (Fasting): Muslims are required to fast during the month of Ramadan, abstaining from food, drink, and other physical pleasures from dawn until sunset. Fasting is seen as a way of purifying the soul and developing self-discipline.
Hajj (Pilgrimage): Muslims who are able to do so are required to make a pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca at least once in their lifetime. Hajj is seen as a way of connecting with other Muslims from around the world, and of renewing one’s commitment to God.
The Significance of Aqidatul Awam
Aqidatul Awam has played an important role in shaping the religious beliefs and practices of Indonesian Muslims. The work has been widely read and studied by both scholars and laypeople, and has been translated into various languages. Aqidatul Awam is seen as a valuable resource for understanding the core beliefs of Islam, and for connecting with the spiritual traditions of Indonesia.
Moreover, Aqidatul Awam has helped to shape the syncretic character of Indonesian Islam, which incorporates elements of local culture and traditions alongside Islamic teachings. The work has been adapted and interpreted by various Sufi orders in Indonesia, who have used it as a basis for their own teachings and practices.
Conclusion
Aqidatul Awam is a valuable resource for understanding the beliefs and practices of Indonesian Islam. The work provides a concise and accessible exposition of the key beliefs of Islam, as understood and practiced by the common people of Indonesia. Aqidatul Awam has played an important role in shaping the religious landscape of Indonesia, and has contributed to the syncretic character of Indonesian Islam.
